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DDR Institutions & Instruments

United Nations Policy for Post-Conflict Employment Creation, Income Generation and Reintegration

Outlines approach for generating employment opportunities in post-conflict situations - including guiding principles. Includes consideration of emergency employment programs, start-up grants, and promotion of longer-term employment opportunities and decent work standards. Of relevance to DDR. Annex 2 : considers specific challenges associated with the creation of opportunities for Youth and Annex 3: considers Gender specificities.

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When Do Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Programmes Succeed?

Offers a multi-dimensional perspective on DDR and attempts to identify the key factors contributing to their success or failure. Comments on the importance of political context - arguing that there is little evidence that DDR can have an impact in the absence of the termination of the conflict, the importance of institutional arrangements, and program sequencing.

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Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration in South Sudan: The Limits of Conventional Peace and Security Templates

This report explores the DDR programme in South Sudan; in particular how it has evolved, what the major challenges have been to its implementation, and assesses what it can be expected to achieve. The authors argue that standard DDR programmes are not fit for purpose in a context like South Sudan and argues that achieving security needs to be based on comprehending and changing the basic structures and mechanisms of armed mobilization and adapt security sector reform to a political environment that is constructed in terms of potential for violence and threats of destabilization.

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Practice Note - DDR of Ex- Combatants

Although heavily focused on DDR interventions running alongside Peace Support Operations the document provides comprehensive (if now somewhat dated) practical guidance for DDR policy makers and practitioners covering all aspects of DDR programming. Explores linkages with SSR, national ownership, interrelationship between reintegration and work with IDP's and other conflict affected groups. Includes useful discussion on types of programming that may be considered depending on political and security contexts faced.

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Reintegrating ex-combatants in the Great Lakes region - Lessons learned

This wide-ranging report is built around an in-depth and complex analysis of three DDR processes in the Central African Republic (CAR), the Republic of Congo and Liberia. It explores issues related to all three main aspects of DDR and, in particular, has a useful analysis on issues related to weapons collection and the provision of reintegration support. Considerable emphasis is also placed on national ownership and the challenges associated with establishing national structures to implement programs.

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Reintegrating Ex-Combatants in Post-Conflict Societies

A review of several DDR programs exploring three main challenges and issues (security, social tensions, and marginalization) identifies lessons learned and best practices. Includes useful discussion and comparative analysis of issues related to national ownership and different types of security and political environments in which DDR (or components of it) might be implemented. Includes examples are drawn from Algeria, Chad, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea Bissau.

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Topic Resources

September 18, 2024

Draws on research on Reintegration of ex-refugees and ex-fighters in post conflict Eritrea.

September 18, 2024

Report on the proceedings of an international experts’ workshop, with, the theme “Challenges of Implementation in Cote d’Ivoire”, held at

September 18, 2024

Interesting example of what might be considered a simply articulated Transitional Results Framework for Peacebuilding in the Comoros Cont

September 18, 2024

Detailed description and analysis of the AU Electoral and Security Assistance Mission to Comoros.